[math-fun] Proof of Uncertainty Principle
I personally find the proof of the uncertainty principle quite amusing. Here it is, if any of you are interested. DHB Let us consider a real, continuously differentiable, $L^2$ function $f(t)$, which further satisfies $f(t) \sqrt{t} \rightarrow 0$ as $|t| \rightarrow \infty$. For convenience, we will also assume here that $f(-t) = f(t)$, as this insures that the Fourier transform $\hat{f}(x)$ of $f(t)$ is purely real, although in general this condition is not necessary. Define \begin{eqnarray*} E(f) &=& \int_{-\infty}^\infty f^2(t) \, dt \\ V(f) &=& \int_{-\infty}^\infty t^2 f^2(t) \, dt \\ \hat{f}(x) &=& \int_{-\infty}^\infty f(t) e^{-i t x} \, dt \\ Q(f) &=& \frac{V(f)}{E(f)} \cdot \frac{V(\hat{f})}{E(\hat{f})} \end{eqnarray*} \vspace{1ex}\noindent {\bf Theorem} With the above assumptions and definitions, $Q(f) \geq 1/4$, with equality if and only if $f(t) = a e^{-(b t)^2/2}$ for real constants $a$ and $b$. \vspace{1ex}\noindent {\bf Proof.} By applying Schwarz' inequality to the functions $t f(t)$ and $f'(t)$, we can write \begin{eqnarray*} \left| \int_{-\infty}^\infty t f(t) f'(t) \, dt \right|^2 &\leq& \left[\int_{-\infty}^\infty t^2 f^2(t) \, dt \right] \left[\int_{-\infty}^\infty (f'(t))^2 dt \right] \end{eqnarray*} \noindent Furthermore, \begin{eqnarray*} \int_{-\infty}^\infty t f(t) f'(t) \, dt &=& \frac{1}{2} \int_{-\infty}^\infty t \frac{d f^2(t)}{dt} \, dt \; = \; -\frac{1}{2} E(f) \end{eqnarray*} \noindent by applying integration by parts. Let $g(t) = f'(t)$. By noting that $\hat{g}(x) = - i x \hat{f}(x)$, and by applying Parseval's identity \cite[pg. 65]{papoulis1977} to $f(t)$ and $g(t)$, we obtain, respectively, \begin{eqnarray*} \int_{-\infty}^\infty |f(t)|^2 \, dt &=& \frac{1}{2 \pi} \int_{-\infty}^\infty |\hat{f}(x)|^2 \, dx \\ \int_{-\infty}^\infty |f'(t)|^2 \, dt &=& \frac{1}{2 \pi} \int_{-\infty}^\infty x^2 |\hat{f}(x)|^2 \, dx \end{eqnarray*} \noindent Combining these results, we obtain our desired inequality. Recall that equality in the Schwarz inequality occurs only when the two functions ($t f(t)$ and $f'(t)$ in this case) are linear scalings of each other, i.e. $f'(t) = c t f(t)$ for some $c$. By solving this elementary differential equation, we conclude that the minimum value $1/4$ is achieved if and only if $f(t) = a e^{-(b t)^2/2}$ for constants $a$ and $b$. By the way, it is worth noting that $Q(f)$ is unaffected by a linear scaling of either the function argument $t$ or the function value $f(t)$.
Quoting David H Bailey <david@dhbailey.com>:
I personally find the proof of the uncertainty principle quite amusing. Here it is, if any of you are interested. DHB
I am not entirely sure why proving the uncertainty principle should be amusing. There are various identities concerning the moments of operators and their combinations, set out by both mathematicians and physicists; but the social and political situation which led to Heisenberg's promulgation of the principle seems to be much more interesting, albeit still not so very amusing. Posssibly of more interest is the construction of minimal dispersion wave packets, which role the gaussian fulfills for force-free motion in the context of the Schroedinger equation. What does this look like for a classical equation, such as Maxwell's, or the Klein-Gordon equation? Not to mention dealing with the Dirac equation and the origins of zitterbewegung? It seems to me that the problem here lies in understanding why you have such relations, more so than in finding a nice manipulation which confirms them. But then, everyone has their preferences ... - hvm ------------------------------------------------- Obtén tu correo en www.correo.unam.mx UNAMonos Comunicándonos
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David H Bailey -
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