Marc LeBrun <mlb@fxpt.com> wrote:
Regarding Z*(SqrtD) = {x + y SqrtD; integer x, y, D>=0}...
2. What's best to call the whole algebraic structure?
For D squarefree and congruent to 2 or 3 modulo 4, it's the ring of algebraic integers of the field Q(\sqrt{D}) = {x + y \sqrt{D}; x and y rational}. For D squarefree and congruent to 1 modulo 4, it's the order of conductor 2 in the ring of algebraic integers of the field. In this case, the ring of algebraic integers is {x + y(1 + \sqrt{D})/2; x, y integers}. If D is not squarefree, then D=(f^2)d for some squarefree d, and, depending on what d is modulo 4, the algebraic structure is the order of conductor f or 2f in the ring of integers of the field Q(\sqrt{d}). John Robertson jpr2718@aol.com