Here are two papers on this topic cited in the Steele-White retrospective: David M. Gay: Correctly Rounded Binary-Decimal and Decimal-Binary Conversions (1990) http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.31.4049&rep=rep1&typ... Gay's algorithm is implemented (I think) inside his language AMPL, and also available from netlib. Robert Burger , R. Kent Dybvig: Printing Floating-Point Numbers Quickly and Accurately, http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=EC593AC56FA08763D0A9... They say Steele & White's print algorithm is "unacceptably slow for practical use." B&D's algorithm is implemented inside "chez scheme." It seems to me all these algorithms are VERY complicated. There must be something better than any of them... -- Warren D. Smith http://RangeVoting.org <-- add your endorsement (by clicking "endorse" as 1st step)